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Policiesandmeasuresforepidemicpreventionandcontrolinvariousregions2021-09-1010:38
Inordertopromotebettercoordinationofepidemicpreventionandcontrolandeconomicandsocialdevelopment,andtofurthermeettheneedsofbusinesspeopleforepidemicpreventionandcontrolpoliciesandmeasures,theGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncilhasrecentlylaunchedthe"LocalEpidemicPreventionandControlPoliciesandMeasures"ontheChineseGovernmentwebsiteandtheStateCouncilclientapplet.Columntouniformlydisclosetheauthoritativeandaccurateepidemicpreventionpoliciesandmeasuresofvariousregions....Details
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TheNationalEmblemofthePeople'sRepublicofChina2021-01-1110:56
p>TheNationalEmblemofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,withthefive-starTiananmenSquareinthemiddle,surroundedbyearsofcornandgears.TheNationalEmblemofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisthesymbolandemblemofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.Allorganizationsandcitizensshouldrespectandcherishthenationalemblem.Twohandfulsofwheatandriceformaperfectcircularring.Thegearismountedontheintersectionofthewheatandricestalksbelow.Theredcogwheelisintertwinedinthecenterofthegear.Theredribbonhangsthewheatandricetotheleftandright,anddroops,dividingthegearintotwoparts....Details
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Historicalevolution
ThefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
FromSeptember21toSeptember30,1949,thefirstplenarysessionoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConferencewasheldinBeiping.OnSeptember29,themeetingpassedthe"CommonProgramoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference"withaprovisionalconstitutionalnature,andtheCPPCCactedonbehalfoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.OntheafternoonofSeptember30,thePlenarySessionoftheFirstChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConferenceproducedtheFirstNationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference.MaoZedongwaselectedchairmanoftheCentralPeople’sGovernment,ZhuDe,LiuShaoqi,SoongChingLing,LiJishen,ZhangLan,andGaoGangwerevicechairmen.56peoplearemembersoftheCentralPeople'sGovernment.
OnOctober1,1949,thefoundingceremonywasheldatTiananmenSquareinBeijing.MaoZedongproclaimedtheestablishmentoftheCentralPeople’sGovernmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaontheTiananmenSquare,andthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasformallyestablished.
Theestablishmentofthesocialistsystem
AtthebeginningofthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,duetolong-termturmoilandwar,Chinahasexperiencedsharpsocialconflicts,backwardeconomiclevels,currencydevaluation,andpoortransportation.Afterthefoundingofthecountry,acommunistsocietythatfullyimitatedtheSovietindustrializationmodelwasquicklyestablished.
Intheearly1950s,thegovernmentcarriedoutlarge-scalesocialisttransformationofurbanindustryandcommerce,collectivizationofruralland,andsocialreforms.Beginningin1953,Chinabegantocarryouttheconstructionofsocialistindustrializationandthesocialisttransformationofagriculture,handicrafts,andcapitalistindustryandcommerce.i>,thegradualtransitionfromnewdemocracytosocialism.By1956,Chinahadbasicallyestablishedasocialistsystemandenteredtheprimarystageofsocialism.
Theconstructionandmistakesofsocialism
Intheprocessofbuildingsocialisminanall-roundway,Chinahasmadegreatachievementsandinitiallylaidthematerialandculturalfoundationformodernization.Butitwasaccompaniedbysomemistakes.In1958,allfrontsacrossthecountrysetofftheclimaxofthe"GreatLeapForward".InAugustofthesameyear,theBeidaihemeetingofthePoliticalBureauoftheCPCCentralCommitteedeterminedahighindexforindustrialandagriculturalproduction.
Inagriculture,estimatesofcropyieldsaremainlyexaggerated.Thehighindicatorsandexaggerationinproductiondevelopmentpromotetheeagertransitionofproductionrelationstotheso-calledmoreadvancedforms.Subjectivelybelievethatthelargerthescaleofagriculturalcooperativesandthehigherthedegreeofpublicownership,themoretheycanpromoteproduction.Itscharacteristicsare"onebigandtwopublic"and"onelevelandtwoadjustments".Thethree-yeareconomicdifficultiesthatbeganin1960havemadethenationaleconomyworse.
Inthewinterof1960,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinabegantocorrectthe"Left"errorsinruralwork,anddecidedtoimplementthepolicyof"adjusting,consolidating,enriching,andimproving"thenationaleconomy.UndertheauspicesofDengXiaopingandothers,aseriesofcorrectpoliciesanddecisivemeasureswereformulatedandimplemented.Thisisanimportantchangeinthishistoricalstage.InJanuary1962,theexpandedcentralworkconferencewith7,000peopleattendedinitiallysummarizedtheexperienceandlessonsofthe"GreatLeapForward"andcarriedoutcriticismandself-criticism.
From1966to1976,therewasthe"CulturalRevolution"thatbroughtseriousdisasterstothepartyandthecountry.
Settlingchaosanddiscussingtruthwithtruth
AfterMaoZedong'sdeathin1976,HuaGuofengtookoverhispositionandarrestedtheGangofFour.In1977,thecountrywentfromchaostogovernance,andtheeconomybegantorecover.Atthesametime,alargenumberofcadreswhowereknockeddownduringtheCulturalRevolutionwereabletoresumework,thusopeningthepreludetoreformandopeningup.
DengXiaopingre-emergedin1977andonceagainresumedhispositionsasmemberoftheStandingCommitteeofthePoliticalBureauoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandViceChairmanoftheCPCCentralCommittee.
TheThirdPlenarySessionoftheEleventhCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaheldattheendof1978achievedagreatandfar-reachingturningpointintheparty’shistorysincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,openinganewerainthehistoryofChina’sreformandopeningupandsocialistmodernization.OnNewYear'sDayin1979,theStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressissueda"MessagetoCompatriotsinTaiwan",announcingthepolicyofpeacefullyreunifyingthemotherland.After1979,Chinaembarkedonamorepragmaticdevelopmentpath.Alargenumberofintellectualsandscholarswhohadbeenattackedhaveresumedtheirwork.In1980,rehabilitatedunjust,falseandwrongcases,thelargestunjustcase(LiuShaoqi);rehabilitatedthe"Rightists"withthegreatestinfluenceandthelargestnumberofpeopleinvolved.
In1981,theSixthPlenarySessionofthe11thCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinapassedthe"ResolutiononCertainHistoricalIssuesofthePartySincetheFoundingofthePeople'sRepublic",whichcompletelydeniedthe"CulturalRevolution."InSeptemberofthesameyear,YeJianyingpublishedaspeechon"PoliciesandPoliciesforTaiwan'sReturntotheMotherlandandRealizationofPeacefulReunification."Intheearly1980s,DengXiaopingputforwardthegreatconceptof"onecountry,twosystems".
Aneweraofreformandopeningup
In1979,undertheguidanceoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,ruralareasgraduallybegantoimplementaresponsibilitysystembasedonhouseholdjointproductioncontracting,thatis,,Self-financing".OnJuly15,1979,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncildecidedtopilotspecialeconomiczonesinShenzhen,Zhuhai,ShantouandXiamen.
Atthebeginningofreformandopeningup,theintroductionofforeigncapitalwasbasicallyinthetrialstage,andthemainsourcewasforeigngovernmentloans.Introduceforeigncapital,providetax-freepreferentialperiods,cooperateinsettingupfactories,andlearntoabsorbthecapitalmanagementandmarketingmethodsofforeignenterprises.Alargenumberofemploymentopportunitieshavebeencreated,thedevelopmentofforeigntradehasbeenaccelerated,andtheinternationalcompetitivenessoftheeconomyhasbeenimproved.
In1982,ruralreformsbegantobecarriedoutinfullswing.Thecontractedproductionresponsibilitysystemwaswidelypromotedinruralareas,agriculturalproductionincreasedsubstantially,farmers’incomesincreasedsignificantly,andfoodproblemsthathadplaguedChinaformanyyearswereresolvedsubstantially.
OnOctober1,1984,thecapitalheldamilitaryparadeandmassdemonstrationtocelebratethe35thanniversaryofthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.DengXiaopingreviewedthetroopsunderreviewanddeliveredaspeech.OnDecember19,theChineseandBritishgovernmentsformallysignedtheSino-BritishJointDeclarationinBeijing,confirmingthattheChinesegovernmentresumedtheexerciseofsovereigntyoverHongKongonJuly1,1997.
OnFebruary18,1985,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilapprovedandforwardedthe"MinutesoftheYangtzeRiver,PearlRiverDelta,andXiaZhangquanDeltaRegionsinSouthernFujian",anddecidedtoopenintheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDeltaandXiaZhangquanDeltaregions.Coastaleconomicopenzone.In1985,China'surbanreformswerelaunchedinanall-roundway,withthefocusonthereformofstate-ownedenterprises.
Theestablishmentofthemarketeconomysystem
OnJanuary14,1992,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilconvenedtheCentralEthnicWorkConference.JiangZemin'sspeechon"StrengtheningtheUnityofAllNationalitiesandMarchingForwardHandinHandtoBuildSocialismwithChineseCharacteristics"putforwardthemaintasksofnationalworkinthe1990s.
FromJanuary18toFebruary21,1992,DengXiaopinginspectedWuchang,Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Guangzhou,andShanghaiasanordinarypartymemberanddeliveredanimportant"SouthernTourSpeech."Importantviewpointssuchas“benefit”and“developmentisthelastword”signifythatChina’sreformandopeninguphasenteredanewstage.
After1992,therouteofreformandopeningupwasbasicallydetermined.Chinaenteredastageofbasicpeaceinthesurroundinginternationalenvironment,stabledomesticsociety,andlong-termrapideconomicgrowth.The"EighthFive-YearPlan"andthe"NinthFive-YearPlan",The"TenthFive-YearPlan"hasbeenfullyimplementedandbasicallycompleted.
Towardsagreatrevival
OnJuly1,1997,thePeople’sRepublicofChinaresumeditssovereigntyoverHongKong;onDecember20,1999,itresumeditssovereigntyoverMacau.In2001,ChinaformallyjoinedtheWorldTradeOrganization.
InNovember2002,attheFirstPlenarySessionoftheSixteenthCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,HuJintaowaselectedasGeneralSecretaryoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina;inMarch2003,attheFirstSessionoftheTenthNationalPeople’sCongress,HuJintaowaselectedasPresidentoftheState.
OnAugust8,2008,the29thOlympicGamesopenedinBeijing.In2010,theShanghaiWorldExpowassuccessfullyheld.In2011,Chinabecamethesecondlargesteconomyintheworld.
InNovember2012,attheFirstPlenarySessionoftheEighteenthCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,XiJinpingwaselectedasGeneralSecretaryoftheCommunistPartyCentralCommittee.InMarch2013,atthefirstmeetingoftheTwelfthNationalPeople'sCongress,XiJinpingwaselectedPresidentoftheState.
InOctober2017,XiJinping’sreportatthe19thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinaproposedanewhistoricalorientationforChina’sdevelopment-socialismwithChinesecharacteristicshasenteredanewera;ElectedasGeneralSecretaryoftheCPCCentralCommitteeattheFirstPlenarySessionoftheNinthCentralCommittee.InMarch2018,atthefirstmeetingofthe13thNationalPeople'sCongress,XiJinpingwaselectedPresidentoftheState.
NaturalEnvironment
Pleaseseethemainentry:GeographyofChina
RegionalLocation
ChinaislocatedintheeastofAsia,onthewestcoastofthePacificOcean.FromtheheartofHeilongjiangRivernearMoheinthenorth,toZengmuAnshaintheNanshaIslandsinthesouth.FromthePamirsinthewest,totheconfluenceoftheHeilongjiangandUssuririversintheeast.Thelandareais9.6millionsquarekilometers,andthelandboundaryismorethan20,000kilometers.
TheterritorialseaconsistsoftheBohaiSea(inlandsea),theYellowSea,theEastChinaSea,andtheSouthChinaSea.Theeasternandsouthernmainlandcoastlinesare18,000kilometers.
China’slandborderis22,800kilometerslong,borderingNorthKoreatotheeast,Mongoliatothenorth,Russiatothenortheast,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,andTajikistantothenorthwest,andAfghanistan,Pakistan,India,andNepaltothewestandsouthwest.,BhutanandothercountriesareborderedbyMyanmar,Laos,andVietnamtothesouth.TheeastandsoutheastareacrosstheseafromSouthKorea,Japan,thePhilippines,Brunei,Malaysia,andIndonesia.
Topography
Topography | |
Topography | |
China’stopographyishighinthewestandlowintheeast,complexanddiverse,withvarioustypesTheproportionoftopographyinthelandareaofthecountryis:33.3%ofmountains,26%ofplateaus,18.8%ofbasins,12%ofplains,and9.9%ofhills.Theterrainformsathree-levelladderfromwesttoeast:theQinghai-TibetPlateauislocatedinthewest,thehighestterrain,andthealtitudeismorethan4000meters.Itiscomposedofextremelyhighmountainsandplateausurfaces.Itiscalledthe"RoofoftheWorld"andisthefirstlevelofladder.TheQilianMountains,HengduanMountainsandthesecondstepareboundedbythesecondstep.ThesecondstepisfromtheeastoftheQinghai-TibetPlateautotheDaxinganling,TaihangMountains,WushanandXuefengMountains.Thealtitudeisgenerally1000-2000meters,anditismainlycomposedofmountains,plateausandbasins.;ThebroadplainsandhillsofeasternChinaarethethirdstep.ThislandformpatternwasestablishedbytheYanshanMovementintheMesozoicera. | |
Landforms | |
China'smountains,plateausandhillsaccountforabout67%ofthelandarea,andbasinsandplainsaccountforabout33%ofthelandarea.Themountainsaremostlyeast-westandnortheast-southwest,mainlyincludingAltaiMountains,TianshanMountains,KunlunMountains,KarakoramMountains,Himalayas,YinshanMountains,QinlingMountains,NanlingMountains,DaxinganlingMountains,ChangbaiMountains,TaihangMountains,WuyiMountains,TaiwanMountains,WushanMountainsandHengduanMountainsWaitingforthemountains.Inthewest,thereistheQinghai-TibetPlateau,thelargestintheworld,withanaverageelevationofmorethan4000meters.Itisknownasthe"RoofoftheWorld".MountEverestis88.886metersabovesealevel,whichisthehighestpeakintheworld.InnerMongolia,Xinjiangregion,LoessPlateau,SichuanBasinandYunnan-GuizhouPlateautothenorthandeast,andKunlunMountain-QilianMountain-HengduanMountainastheboundaryisthesecondstepofChina'stopography.TherearemostlyplainsandhillsfromtheeastoftheDaxinganling-TaihangMountain-Wushan-XuefengMountainlinetothecoastline,whichisthethirdstep.Thecontinentalshelftotheeastandsouthofthecoastlinecontainsabundantseabedresources. | |
Referencesource: |
Mountains | |
Chinaisamountainouscountry.Mountainsaremostlyeast-westandnortheast-southwest.ThemainmountainrangesareAltai,Tianshan,Kunlun,Karakoram,Tanggula,Nyainqentanglha,Qilian,Gangdise,Himalayas,Hengduan,andYin.Mountains,TaihangMountains,QinlingMountains,DaxinganlingMountains,WuyiMountains,ChangbaiMountains,TaiwanMountains,WushanMountains,etc.Thereare19mountainpeaksabove7000metersabovesealevelintheworld,and7arelocatedinChinaandonthenationalborder.TherearemanyhighmountainsontheQinghai-TibetPlateau,knownasthe"RoofoftheWorld".TheHimalayas,withanaverageelevationof6000meters,istheworld'shighestmajesticmountainrange.Itsmainpeak,MountEverest,is88.886metersabovesealevel,whichisthehighestpeakintheworld.TheYarlungZangboGrandCanyonis504.6kilometerslongand6009metersdeep,makingitthelargestcanyonintheworld.Inaddition,therearealsofamousmountainssuchasMountHuang,MountTai,MountHua,MountSong,MountHeng,MountHeng,MountEmei,MountLu,MountWudang,MountTaibai,MountWuyi,MountYandangandMountQingcheng. |
Hydrology |
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Rivers |
MainlytherearetheYangtzeRiver,YellowRiver,Heilongjiang,PearlRiver,HuaiRiver,HaiheRiver,LiaoheRiver,YarlungZangboRiver,TarimRiver,LancangRiver,NuRiver,MinRiver,QiantangRiver,HanRiver,YaluRiver,TumenRiver,HanRiver,XiangRiver,GanRiver,ZhuoshuiRiver,NanduRiver,LuanRiver,WeakWater,ShuleRiver,YiliRiver,IrtyshRiverAndtheBeijing-HangzhouGrandCanal,Lingqu,JiaolaiCanal,Lixiaheandothercanals.TheYangtzeRiveristhelargestriverinChinawithatotallengthof6,300kilometers,secondonlytotheNileRiverinAfricaandtheAmazonRiverinSouthAmerica,andisthethirdlongestriverintheworld.TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina,withatotallengthof5,464kilometers. |
lakes |
MainlyPoyangLake,DongtingLake,TaiLake,ChaoLake,QinghaiLake,HongzeLake,GaoyouLake,NansiLake,HulunLake,BellLake,BostenLake,NamCo,SelinCo,DianLake,ErhaiLake,FuxianLake,SunMoonLake,HonghuLake,WestLake,QiandaoLake,WeishanLake,ChangbaiMountainTianchi,TianshanTianchi,etc.PoyangLakeintheplainofthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiveristhelargestfreshwaterlakeinChina,coveringanareaof3583squarekilometers.QinghaiLakeontheQinghai-TibetPlateauisthelargestsaltwaterlakeinChina,coveringanareaof4583squarekilometers. |
Coasts,islandsandcoastalwaters | |
Coast | |
ThecoastlineofmainlandChina,startingfromthemouthoftheYaluRiverinLiaoninginthenorthandreachingthemouthoftheBeilunRiverinGuangxiinthesouth,ismorethan18,000kilometersinlength;thecoastlineoftheislandismorethan14,000kilometersinlength.(Asof1997) | |
Islandsandcoastalwaters | |
MainlyTaiwanIsland,HainanIsland,ChongmingIsland,ZhoushanIsland,HaitanIsland,DonghaiIsland,DongshanIsland,KinmenIsland,YuhuanIsland,XiamenIsland,ShangchuanIsland,DongtouIsland,DiaoyuIsland,NanaoIsland,WeizhouIsland,HeixiaziIsland,HuangyanIslandandChangshanIslands,MiaodaoIslands,ZhoushanIslands,NanriIslands,WanshanIslands,ParacelIslands,NanshaIslands,DongshaIslands,ZhongshaIslands,PenghuIslandsandotherislands. TheoceansadjacenttotheedgeoftheChinesemainlandandtheislandofTaiwanincludetheYellowSea,theEastChinaSea,theSouthChinaSea,andthePacificOceaneastofTaiwan.TheBohaiSeaistheinlandseaextendingintotheChinesemainland.TheBohaiSea,theYellowSea,theEastChinaSea,andtheSouthChinaSeaspanacross32degreesoflongitudefromeasttowestand44degreesoflatitudefromnorthtosouth.Inaddition,therearethreemajorstraits:theBohaiStrait,theTaiwanStrait,andtheQiongzhouStrait.Thetotalseaareais4.73millionsquarekilometers(asof1997). |
Climatecharacteristics
Climate | |
China’sclimateiscomplexanddiverse,includingtemperatemonsoonclimate,subtropicalmonsoonclimate,tropicalmonsoonclimate,tropicalrainforestclimate,temperatecontinentalclimateTheclimatetypessuchasplateauandmountainclimatespanfromsouthtonorthacrosstropical,subtropical,warmtemperate,mediumtemperateandcoldtemperatetemperaturezones. |
Naturalresources
China'sresourcessituation | ||
Minerals | Chinahasavastterritory,diversegeologicalconditions,richmineralresources,and171kindsofminerals.Thereare157specieswithprovenreserves.Amongthem,theprovenreservesoftungsten,antimony,rareearths,molybdenum,vanadiumandtitaniumrankfirstintheworld.Thereservesofcoal,iron,leadzinc,copper,silver,mercury,tin,nickel,apatite,andasbestosareamongthetopintheworld. ThemainfeatureofthedistributionofChina'smineralresourcesisthattheregionaldistributionisuneven.Forexample,ironismainlydistributedinLiaoning,easternHebeiandwesternSichuan,withlittleinNorthwest;coalismainlydistributedinNorth,Northwest,Northeast,andSouthwestChina.Amongthem,Shanxi,InnerMongolia,Xinjiangandotherprovincesaremostconcentrated,whilethesoutheastcoastalprovincesarerare.Thisunevendistributionresultsinaconsiderableconcentrationofsomeminerals,suchastungstenmines,whicharedistributedin19provincesandregions.ThereservesaremainlyconcentratedinsoutheasternHunan,southernJiangxi,northernGuangdong,westernFujian,andeasternGuangxi—CentralGuangxi.Althoughitisconducivetolarge-scalemining,italsoputsalotofpressureontransportation.Inorderfortheunevenlydistributedresourcestobeeffectivelydeployedandusedacrossthecountry,itisnecessarytostrengthentheconstructionoftransportation. | |
Land | China’slandresourceshavefourbasiccharacteristics:largeabsolutequantity,lowpercapitapossession;complexanddiversetypes,andsmallproportionofarableland;complexutilizationandobviousregionaldifferencesinproductivity;Unevendistribution,outstandingprotectionanddevelopmentproblems. | |
Forest | Theresultsoftheeighthnationalforestresourceinventoryshowthatthecountry’sforestareais208millionhectares,theforestcoveragerateis21.63%,andtheforestreserveis15.137billioncubicmeters.Theareaofplantedforestis69millionhectares,withanaccumulationof2.483billioncubicmeters,rankingfirstintheworld. | |
WaterResources | China'stotalwaterresourcesaccountfor44.2%oftotalprecipitation,withanaveragewaterproductionof290,000cubicmeterspersquarekilometer.Thetotalamountoffreshwaterresourcesis2.8trillioncubicmeters,ranking6thintheworld,andpercapitaoccupancyis1/4oftheworld’spercapitaoccupancy,ranking88th. | |
Animals | Chinaisoneofthecountrieswiththerichestanimalresourcesintheworld.Accordingtostatistics,thereareabout2,070speciesofterrestrialvertebratesinChina,accountingfor9.8%oftheworld'sterrestrialvertebrates.Amongthem,therearemorethan1,170speciesofbirds,morethan400speciesofbeasts,and184speciesofamphibians,accountingfor13.5%,11.3%and7.3%oftheworld'ssimilaranimals.FromtheHimalayastothenorthernpartoftheHengduanMountains,theQinlingMountains,theFuniuMountains,theHuaiheRiverandtheYangtzeRivertothenorth,theareaisdominatedbytemperateandcold-temperatefauna,belongingtothePaleonorthboundary,andthesouthofthelineisdominatedbytropicalanimals.BelongstotheOrientalrealm.Infact,duetotheflatterrainintheeastandthenorth-southdirectionoftheHengduanMountainsinthewest,theinterpenetrationandmixingofanimalsfromthetwokingdomsismoreobvious. | |
Plants | Chinahasavastterritory,complexterrain,diverseclimate,richvegetationtypesandintricatedistribution.Intheeasternmonsoonzone,therearetropicalrainforests,tropicalmonsoonforests,centralandsouthernsubtropicalevergreenbroad-leavedforests,northernsubtropicaldeciduousbroad-leavedevergreenbroad-leavedmixedforests,temperatedeciduousbroad-leavedforests,cold-temperateconiferousforests,andsub-alpineConiferousforest,temperateforestgrasslandandothervegetationtypes.InthenorthwestandtheQinghai-TibetPlateau,therearevegetationtypessuchasdrysteppe,semi-desertsteppeshrub,drydesertsteppeshrub,plateaucolddesert,alpinesteppeandmeadowshrub. Therearemanytypesofplants.Accordingtostatistics,thereare300families,2,980genera,and24,600speciesofseedplants.Amongthem,thereare2946generaofangiosperms(accountingfor23.6%ofthetotalgeneraofangiospermsintheworld).Olderplantsaccountforabout62%oftheworld'stotalgenera.Someplants,suchasmetasequoia,ginkgo,etc.,havebeenextinctinotherpartsoftheworldinmoderntimes,andtheyareall"livingfossils"remaininginChina.Seedplantsincludecold,warmandhotplants,andtherearemanymorespeciesthanallofEurope.Inaddition,thereareavarietyofcultivatedplants.Intermsofusage,therearemorethan1,000kindsofusefultimbertrees,4,000kindsofmedicinalplants,morethan300kindsoffruitplants,morethan500kindsoffiberplants,morethan300kindsofstarchplants,morethan600kindsofoilplants,andmorethan80kindsofvegetableplants.,Hasbecomeoneofthecountrieswiththerichestplantresourcesintheworld. |
Administrativedivisions
MapofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(8photos)
ChineseConstitutionTheadministrativeregionsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaaredividedasfollows:(1)Thecountryisdividedintoprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment;(2)Provincesandautonomousregionsaredividedintoautonomousprefectures,counties,autonomouscounties,andcities;(3)Countiesandautonomouscountiesaredividedintotownshipsandethnictownships,town.CitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentandlargercitiesaredividedintodistrictsandcounties.Autonomousprefecturesaredividedintocounties,autonomouscounties,andcities.
Autonomousregions,autonomousprefectures,andautonomouscountiesareallethnicautonomousareas.Thestatemayestablishspecialadministrativeregionswhennecessary.ThesystemsimplementedinspecialadministrativeregionsshallbeprescribedbylawbytheNationalPeople'sCongressinaccordancewithspecificconditions.
Asoftheendof2019,Chinahad34provincial-leveladministrativeregions(including23provinces,5autonomousregions,4municipalities,and2specialadministrativeregions),333prefecture-leveladministrativeregions,2846county-leveladministrativeregions,38,755township-leveladministrativeregions.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.
Nameandabbreviation | |
|---|---|
NorthChina | Beijing(Beijing),Tianjin(Tianjin),HebeiProvince(Hebei),ShanxiProvince(Jin),InnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion(InnerMongolia) |
NortheastChina | LiaoningProvince(Liaoning),JilinProvince(Kyrgyzstan),HeilongjiangProvince(Black) |
EastChina | Shanghai(Shanghai),JiangsuProvince(Su),ZhejiangProvince(Zhejiang),AnhuiProvince(Anhui),FujianProvince(Min),JiangxiProvince(Gan),ShandongProvince(Lu),TaiwanProvince(Taiwan) |
CentralChina | HenanProvince(Henan),HubeiProvince(E),HunanProvince(Hunan) |
SouthChina | GuangdongProvince(Guangdong),GuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion(Guangxi),HainanProvince(Joong),HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(HongKong),MacauSpecialAdministrativeRegion(Macau) |
SouthwestChina | ChongqingCity(ChongqingorPakistan),SichuanProvince(SichuanorShu),GuizhouProvince(GuiorQian),YunnanProvince(YunorYunnan),TibetAutonomousRegion(Tibet) |
NorthwestRegion | ShaanxiProvince(ShaanorQin),GansuProvince(GanorLong),QinghaiProvince(Qing),NingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion(Ning),XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion(new) |
Nationalsymbol
Countryname
Countrynamemeaning
"Zhonghua"meansChinaandChina.
"People"isapoliticalconcept,relativetotheenemy.IncontemporaryChina,allclasses,strataandsocialgroupsthatsupportsocialismandtheunityofthemotherlandarewithinthescopeofthepeople.Peoplerefertoallsocialistworkers,patriotswhosupporttheunityofthemotherland,andpatriotswhosupportsocialism.
TheEnglishrepublicoftheword"republic"comesfromtheLatinrespublica(meaningthepublicaffairsofthepeople).Therepublicgenerallyincludesthemeaningofsharingpowerandcommongovernance,butindifferentcountriesanddifferenthistoricalperiods,thescopeofthepowersubjectoftherepublicisdifferent.Therepublicinthemodernsenseemphasizestheparticipationofallcitizensinthecountry’slaw-making,policy-makingandimplementation,includingdirectandindirectparticipation,suchasreferendumsandrepresentativesystems.
Determinationprocess
DuringtheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan,MaoZedongrepeatedlyexplainedthemeaningofthe"DemocraticRepublicofChina"tobeestablishedinthefuture.OnDecember30,1948,MaoZedong’s1949NewYear’sdedicationtoXinhuaNewsAgency,“CarrytheRevolutiontotheEnd”,clearlydeclared:“In1949,apoliticalconsultativeconferencewithnoreactionariestoparticipateandwiththegoalofaccomplishingthetasksofthepeople’srevolutionwillbeconvened.,ProclaimingthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandformingthecentralgovernmentoftheRepublic."
OnJune16,1949,theNewPoliticalConsultativeConference’sfirstplenarymeetingpassedthe"RegulationsontheOrganizationofthePreparatoryCommitteefortheNewPoliticalConsultativeConference""Article3,paragraph5is"ProposingaplantoestablishthegovernmentofthePeople'sDemocraticRepublicofChina".
OnJune19ofthesameyear,duringthefourthpaneldiscussionofthePreparatoryCommitteeoftheNewChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference,ProfessorZhangXiruoofTsinghuaUniversityquestionedthenationaltitleof"People'sDemocraticRepublicofChina".Hesaidthatthenameofthecountrywastoolongandsuggestedthattheword"democracy"shouldberemoved.Finally,the"People'sRepublicofChina"wasadopted.
OnSeptember27ofthesameyear,thefirstplenarysessionoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConferencepassedaresolutiontoformallydesignatethecountryasthe"People'sRepublicofChina".Andremovetheabbreviation"RepublicofChina"afterthecountryname.Sincethen,thefourwords"RepublicofChina"havebeencompletelyremovedfromthedocumentsadoptedattheCPPCCmeeting.AfterthefoundingofNewChina,the"RepublicofChina"wasreplacedbythe"People'sRepublicofChina".
NationalEmblem
ThecontentsoftheNationalEmblemofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaarethenationalflag,TiananmenSquare,gearsandearsofwheatandrice.
NationalFlag
ThenationalflagofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthesymbolandsignofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Everycitizenandorganizationshouldrespectandcherishthenationalflag.
NationalAnthem
The"Constitution(Amendment)"adoptedbytheSecondSessionoftheTenthNationalPeople'sCongressaddsaparagraphtoArticle136oftheConstitution,stipulating:ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaThenationalanthemis"MarchofVolunteers".
Population
AccordingtotheStatisticsLawandthe“RegulationsontheNationalCensus”,mycountrylaunchedtheseventhnationalcensusatmidnightonNovember1,2020.ThemainThepurposeistocomprehensivelyinvestigatethepopulation,structure,distributionandotheraspectsofourcountry,andprovideaccuratestatisticalinformationsupportforimprovingourcountry’spopulationdevelopmentstrategyandpolicysystem,formulatingeconomicandsocialdevelopmentplans,andpromotinghigh-qualitydevelopment.
Totalpopulation
At10o'clockinthemorningonMay11,2021,NingJizhe,DirectoroftheNationalBureauofStatistics,reportedatthemeetingthatthetotalpopulationofthecountrywas1,41.78million.Comparedwith133,972million,anincreaseof72.06millionpeople,anincreaseof5.38%;anaverageannualgrowthrateof0.53%,whichis0.04percentagepointslowerthantheaverageannualgrowthrateof0.57%from2000to2010.Statisticsshowthatmycountry'spopulationhascontinuedtomaintainalow-speedgrowthtrendforthepast10years.Amongthenationalpopulation,themalepopulationis723,339,956,accountingfor51.24%;thefemalepopulationis688,438,768,accountingfor48.76%.Thesexratioofthetotalpopulationis105.07.
Note:Thenationalpopulationreferstothepopulationof31provinces,autonomousregions,municipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentandactivemilitarypersonnelinmainlandmycountry,excludingresidentsofHongKong,MacaoandTaiwanandforeignpersonnellivingin31provinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment.
EthnicProfile
Chinaofficiallyrecognizes56ethnicgroups,includingMongolian,Hui,Tibetan,Uygur,Miao,Yi,Zhuang,Buyi,andKoreanEthnic,Manchu,Dong,Yao,Bai,Tujia,Hani,Kazak,Dai,Li,Lisu,Wa,She,Gaoshan,Lahu,Shui,Dongxiang,Naxi,Jingpo,Kirgiz,Tu,Daur,Mulao,Qiang,Blang,Salar,Maonan,Gelao,Xibe,Achang,Pumi,Tajik,Nu,Uzbek,Russian,Ewenki,Deang,BaoanNationality,Yugu,Jing,Tatar,Dulong,Oroqen,Hezhe,Menba,Luoba,JinuoandHan.
InthebigfamilyoftheChinesenation,theHannationalityhasthelargestpopulation,accountingformorethan90%ofthetotalpopulationofthecountry.Theother55ethnicgroupshaverelativelysmallpopulationsandarecalledethnicminorities.
TheresultsoftheseventhnationalcensusreleasedonMay11,2021showthattheHanpopulationis1,286.31million,accountingfor91.11%,andtheethnicminoritypopulationis124.47million,accountingfor8.89%.Comparedwith2010,theHanpopulationincreasedby4.93%,thepopulationofvariousethnicminoritiesincreasedby10.26%,andtheproportionofethnicminoritiesincreasedby0.40%.
TraditionalcostumesofallethnicgroupsinChina | ||
Daur | ||
Gendercomposition
May11,2021TheseventhnationalTheresultsofthecensuswerereleased,andthedatashowedthatthemalepopulationinChinawas723.34million,accountingfor51.24%;thefemalepopulationwas688.44million,accountingfor48.76%.Thesexratioofthetotalpopulation(100womenandtheratioofmentowomen)is105.07,whichisbasicallythesameasin2010,butslightlylower.Thesexratioatbirthwas111.3,adecreaseof6.8from2010.Thegenderstructureofourpopulationhascontinuedtoimprove.
Agecomposition
OnMay11,2021,theresultsoftheseventhnationalcensuswerereleased.Thedatashowthatthepopulationof0-14yearsoldinmycountryis253.38million,accountingfor17.95%;15-59-year-oldpopulationis894.38millionpeople,accountingfor63.35%;populationof60yearsandoveris264.02millionpeople,accountingfor18.70%(Amongthem,thepopulationof65yearsandoveris190.64millionpeople,accountingfor13.50%).Comparedwith2010,theproportionofthepopulationaged0-14,15-59,60andaboveincreasedby1.35percentagepoints,decreasedby6.79percentagepoints,andincreasedby5.44percentagepoints,respectively.Theproportionofchildreninmycountryhasrecovered,andtheadjustmentofthefertilitypolicyhasachievedpositiveresults.
Populationwitheducationlevel
TheresultsoftheseventhnationalcensuswerereleasedonMay11,2021.Thedatashowsthatthepopulationwithuniversityeducationis218.36million.Comparedwith2010,thenumberofpeoplewithuniversityeducationper100,000peoplerosefrom8,930to15,467,theaverageyearsofeducationofthepopulationaged15andaboveincreasedfrom9.08to9.91,andtheilliteracyratedroppedfrom4.08%to2.67%.
UrbanandRuralPopulation
OnMay11,2021,theresultsoftheseventhnationalcensuswerereleased.Accordingtothedata,thepopulationlivingincitiesandtownswas900.99million,accountingfor63.89%;Thepopulationofthevillageis509.79million,accountingfor36.11%.Comparedwith2010,theurbanpopulationincreasedby236.42million,theruralpopulationdecreasedby164.36million,andtheproportionofurbanpopulationincreasedby14.21percentagepoints.
Floatingpopulation
OnMay11,2021,theresultsoftheseventhnationalcensuswerereleased.Thedatashowedthattheseparatedpopulationofhouseholdswas492.76million,ofwhichhouseholdswithinthemunicipalityTheseparatedpopulationis116.94millionandthefloatingpopulationis375.82million,ofwhichtheinter-provincialfloatingpopulationis124.84million.Comparedwith2010,thepopulationofseparatedhouseholdsincreasedby88.52%,thepopulationofseparatedhouseholdsinthemunicipalareaincreasedby192.66%,andthefloatingpopulationincreasedby69.73%.
Politics
NationalConstitution
China’scurrentConstitutionwasadoptedattheFifthSessionoftheFifthNationalPeople’sCongressonDecember4,1982,December1982TheannouncementoftheNationalPeople’sCongressonApril4thwillbeimplemented.Sincethen,the"AmendmentstotheConstitutionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina"werepassedonApril12,1988,March29,1993,March15,1999,March14,2004,andMarch11,2018.
Powerorgan
TheNationalPeople’sCongressofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthehighestorganofstatepower.ItspermanentbodyistheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.TheNationalPeople'sCongressandtheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressexercisestatelegislativepower.
Administrativeagency
TheStateCouncilofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,theCentralPeople’sGovernment,istheexecutiveagencyofthehighestorganofstatepowerandthehighestadministrativeagencyofthestate.TheStateCouncilimplementsthePrimeMinister'sresponsibilitysystem.Allministriesandcommitteesimplementtheresponsibilitysystemofministersanddirectors.
TheStateCouncilofthePeople’sRepublicofChina | |||
PeopleofChinaTheStateCounciloftheRepublic,theCentralPeople’sGovernment,istheexecutiveorganofthehighestorganofstatepowerandthehighestadministrativeorganofthestate.TheStateCouncilimplementsthePrimeMinister'sresponsibilitysystem.TheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCouncil,undertheleadershipofthePremier,isresponsibleforhandlingthedailyworkoftheStateCouncil.TheStateCouncilestablishesageneralofficeundertheleadershipoftheSecretary-General. | |||
PrimeMinister | DeputyPrimeMinister | b>CounselorofState | Secretary-General |
LiKeqiang | HanZheng,SunChunlan(female),HuChunhua,LiuHe | WeiFenghe,WangYong,WangYi ,XiaoJie,ZhaoKezhi | XiaoJie(concurrently) |
ComponentsoftheStateCouncil | |||
ChinaMinistryofForeignAffairsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,NationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofScienceandTechnologyofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,NationalEthnicAffairsCommissionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofNationalSecurityofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofJusticeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,HumanResourcesandSocialSecurityofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaMinistryofEcologyandEnvironmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofTransportofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofCultureandTourismofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofVeteransAffairsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,People’sBankofChina,MinistryofNationalDefenseofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,ChinaMinistryofEducationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofPublicSecurityofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofCivilAffairsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofFinanceofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofNaturalResourcesofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,PeopleofChinaMinistryofWaterResourcesoftheRepublicofChina,MinistryofCommerceofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,NationalHealthCommissionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MinistryofEmergencyManagementofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,NationalAuditOfficeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina | |||
SpecialinstitutionsdirectlyundertheStateCouncil | |||
State-ownedAssetsSupervisionandAdministrationCommissionoftheStateCouncil | |||
OrganizationsdirectlyundertheStateCouncil | |||
TheGeneralAdministrationofCustomsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,theStateGeneralAdministrationofMarketSupervisionandAdministration,GeneralAdministrationofSports,NationalAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentCooperation,Counselor'sOfficeoftheStateCouncil,StateAdministrationofTaxation,StateAdministrationofRadioandTelevision,NationalBureauofStatistics,NationalMedicalSecurityAdministration,StateAgencyAffairsAdministration | |||
OfficeoftheStateCouncil | |||
HongKongandMacaoAffairsOfficeoftheStateCouncil,StateCouncilResearchOffice | |||
PublicunitsdirectlyundertheStateCouncil | |||
XinhuaNewsAgency,ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,DevelopmentResearchCenteroftheStateCouncil,ChinaMeteorologicalAdministration,ChinaSecuritiesRegulatoryCommission,ChineseAcademyofSciences,ChineseAcademyofEngineering,ChinaCentralRadioandTelevisionStation,ChinaBankingandInsuranceRegulatoryCommission | |||
StatebureaumanagedbyministriesandcommissionsoftheStateCouncil | |||
NationalBureauofLettersandCalls,NationalEnergyAdministration,NationalTobaccoMonopolyAdministration,NationalForestryandGrasslandAdministration,CivilAviationAdministrationofChina,NationalCulturalHeritageAdministration,NationalCoalMineSafetySupervisionBureau,NationalDrugAdministration,NationalFoodandMaterialReserveBureau,NationalDefenseTechnologyandIndustryAdministration,NationalImmigrationAdministration,NationalRailwayAdministration,StatePostBureau,StateAdministrationofTraditionalChineseMedicine,StateAdministrationofForeignExchange,StateIntellectualPropertyAdministration |
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SupervisoryAuthority
Mainentry:StateSupervisionofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaCommittees
ThesupervisioncommitteesatalllevelsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaarethecountry’ssupervisoryorgans.TheSupervisoryCommitteeexercisesitssupervisorypowerindependentlyinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthelaw,andisfreefrominterferencebyadministrativeagencies,socialorganizationsandindividuals.Inhandlingcasesofdutyviolationsanddutycrimes,supervisoryorgansshallcooperatewithjudicialorgans,procuratorialorgans,andlawenforcementagencies,andcheckeachother.
Judicialauthorities
ItisgenerallyunderstoodthatChina’sjudicialauthoritiesinclude"publicsecurity,procuratorate,law,andsecurity"agencies."Public"referstopublicsecurityorgans,"Procurator"referstoprocuratorialorgans(People'sProcuratorates),"Law"referstojudicialorgans(People'sCourts),"Division"referstojudicialadministrativeorgans,and"An"referstonationalsecurityorgans."Public,Procuratorate,JusticeandSecurity"organsperformdifferentdutiesaccordingtotheirfunctions.InChina,publicsecurityorgans,nationalsecurityorgans,andjudicialadministrativeorgansareadministrativeorgans,buttheyalsoundertakesomejudicialfunctions.People'scourtsandpeople'sprocuratoratesarejudicialorgansthatspecializeinexercisingjudicialandprocuratorialpowers.
ThePeople’sCourtofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthenationaljudicialorgan.Thepeople'scourtsexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthelaw,freefrominterferencebyadministrativeagencies,socialorganizations,andindividuals.
ThePeople’sProcuratorateofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthecountry’slegalsupervisionagency.ThePeople'sProcuratorateindependentlyexercisesitsprocuratorialpowerinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthelaw,freefrominterferencebyadministrativeagencies,socialorganizations,andindividuals.
Thepeople'scourts,people'sprocuratorates,andpublicsecurityorgansshalldividetheworkofresponsibility,cooperatewitheachother,andcheckeachotherinhandlingcriminalcasestoensureaccurateandeffectiveenforcementofthelaw.
JudicialauthoritiesofthePeople’sRepublicofChina | |
PoliticalPartySystem
TheCommunistPartyofChinaistherulingpartyinChina.TheCommunistPartyofChinaisthevanguardoftheChineseworkingclass,andatthesametimethevanguardoftheChinesepeopleandtheChinesenation.ItistheleadingcoreofthecauseofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.ItrepresentsthedevelopmentrequirementsofChina’sadvancedproductiveforces,representstheforwarddirectionofChina’sadvancedculture,andrepresentsChina’smostadvancedculture.Thefundamentalinterestsofthepeople.Theparty'shighestidealandultimategoalistorealizecommunism.TheCommunistPartyofChinatakesMarxism-Leninism,MaoZedongThought,DengXiaopingTheory,theimportantthoughtof"ThreeRepresents",thescientificoutlookondevelopment,andXiJinping'sThoughtonSocialismwithChineseCharacteristicsforaNewEraasitsguideforaction.
China’sparticipatingpartiesaretheeightdemocraticpartiesinChina,namely,theRevolutionaryCommitteeoftheChineseKuomintang,theChineseDemocraticLeague,theChineseDemocraticNationalConstructionAssociation,theChinaDemocracyPromotionAssociation,theChinesePeasantsandWorkersDemocraticParty,theChinaZhiGongParty,andtheJiuSanSociety,TaiwanDemocraticSelf-GovernmentLeague.
Thesystemofmulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaisabasicpoliticalsystemofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.TheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConferenceisanorganizationoftheChinesePeople’sPatrioticUnitedFront.Itisanimportantinstitutionformulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina.ItisanimportantformofpromotingsocialistdemocracyinChina’spoliticallifeandanimportantpartofthecountry’sgovernancesystem.,IsaninstitutionalarrangementwithChinesecharacteristics.
Socialorganizations
SocialorganizationsareanimportantpartofcontemporaryChinesepoliticallife.Chinesesocialorganizationsareallquasi-officialinnature.
China’seightmajorpeople’sorganizations:All-ChinaFederationofTradeUnions,ChineseCommunistYouthLeague,All-ChinaWomen’sFederation,ChinaAssociationforScienceandTechnology,All-ChinaFederationofReturnedOverseasChinese,All-ChinaFederationofTaiwaneseCompatriots,ChinaNationalYouthFederation,All-ChinaFederationofIndustryandCommerce.
Nationalleaders
Thefirstsession | MaoZedong | LiuShaoqi | ZhouEnlai | MaoZedong | MaoZedong |
Secondsession | LiuShaoqi | ZhuDe | ZhouEnlai | ZhouEnlai | MaoZedong |
Thethirdsession | LiuShaoqi | ZhuDe | ZhouEnlai | ZhouEnlai | MaoZedong |
FourthSession | — | ZhuDe | ZhouEnlai | ZhouEnlai | MaoZedong |
Thefifthsession | SongChingLing (HonoraryChairman) | YeJianying | HuaGuofeng | DengXiaoping | HuaGuofeng |
Sixth | LiXiannian | PengZhen | ZhaoZiyang | DengYingchao | DengXiaoping |
Seventh | YangShangkun | Wanli | LiPeng | LiXiannian | DengXiaoping |
TheEighthSession | JiangZemin | QiaoShi | LiPeng | LiRuihuan | JiangZemin |
Ninth | JiangZemin | LiPeng | ZhuRongji | LiRuihuan | JiangZemin |
Tenth | HuJintao | WuBangguo | WenJiabao | JiaQinglin | HuJintao |
Eleventh | HuJintao | WuBangguo | WenJiabao | JiaQinglin | HuJintao |
TheTwelfthSession | XiJinping | ZhangDejiang | LiKeqiang | YuZhengsheng | XiJinping |
Thirteenth | XiJinping | LiZhanshu | LiKeqiang | WangYang | XiJinping |
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Economy
Chinaistheworld’ssecondlargesteconomy,theworld’slargestindustrialcountryandtheworld’slargestagriculturalcountry.
OnNovember22,2019,theNationalBureauofStatisticsrevisedthepreliminarycalculationofGDPin2018.Themainresultis:GDPin2018was919281trillionyuan,anincreaseof1.8972billionyuanfromthepreliminarycalculation,anincreaseof2.1%.
OnDecember30,2020,afterfinalverification,thetotalGDPin2019atthecurrentpricewas98,651.5billionyuan,adecreaseof435billionyuanfromthepreliminarycalculation;atconstantprices,anincreaseof6.0overthepreviousyear%,whichis0.1%lowerthanthepreliminaryaccountingfigure.
OnFebruary28,2021,theNationalBureauofStatisticsreleaseddata.Accordingtopreliminarycalculations,thegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)forthewholeyearof2020is101,5986billionyuan,anincreaseof2.3%overthepreviousyear.Amongthem,theaddedvalueoftheprimaryindustrywas7775.4billionyuan,anincreaseof3.0%;theaddedvalueofthesecondaryindustrywas3,84255billionyuan,anincreaseof2.6%;theaddedvalueofthetertiaryindustrywas5,539.7billionyuan,anincreaseof2.1%.Thevalueaddedoftheprimaryindustryaccountedfor7.7%ofGDP,thevalueaddedofthesecondaryindustryaccountedfor37.8%,andthevalueaddedofthetertiaryindustryaccountedfor54.5%.Throughouttheyear,finalconsumptionexpendituresdrovea0.5%dropinGDP,grosscapitalformationdrovea2.2%increaseinGDP,andnetexportsofgoodsandservicesdrovea0.7%increaseinGDP.Inquarterlyterms,theGDPinthefirstquarterfellby6.8%year-on-year,thesecondquartergrewby3.2%,thethirdquartergrewby4.9%,andthefourthquartergrewby6.5%.TheannualpercapitaGDPisexpectedtobe72,447yuan,anincreaseof2.0%overthepreviousyear.Thegrossnationalincomewas10,095.1billionyuan,anincreaseof1.9%overthepreviousyear.Thenationalenergyconsumptionper10,000yuanofGDPdroppedby0.1%fromthepreviousyear.Itisestimatedthatthelaborproductivityofallemployeesis117,746yuan/person,anincreaseof2.5%overthepreviousyear.
Culture
Languages
Language
Amongthe55ethnicminorities,withtheexceptionoftheHuiandManchuethnicgroupsthatspeakChinese,theother53ethnicminoritiesusetheirownlanguage;21ethnicgroupshavewrittenlanguages,and27languagesareusedintotal.
LanguageFamily
Fromtheperspectiveoflanguagefamily,the56ethnicgroupsinChinauseThelanguagesbelongtofivemajorlanguagefamilies:Sino-Tibetan,Altaic,Austronesian,Austro-Asian,andIndo-European.
①Sino-Tibetanlanguagefamily | TheSino-TibetanlanguagefamilyisdividedintoChineseandTherearethreelanguagegroups:Tibeto-Burman,Miao-Yao,andZhuang-Dong.TheTibetan,Jiarong,Monba,Cangla,Lhoba,Qiang,Pumi,Dulong,Jingpo,Yi,Lisu,Hani,Lahu,Bai,Naxi,Keno,Nusu,Anong,Rouruo,TujiabelongtotheTibetan-Burmanlanguagefamily.,Zaiwa,Achangandotherlanguages;Miao,Bunu,Mian,SheandotherlanguagesbelongingtotheMiao-Yaolanguagefamily;Zhuang,Buyi,Dai,Dong,Shui,Mulao,Maonan,Lajia,andLi,Gelaoandotherlanguages. |
②Altaiclanguagefamily | AltaiclanguagefamilyItisdividedintothreelanguagegroups:Mongolian,Turkic,andManchu-Tungus.ThelanguagesbelongingtotheMongolianfamilyincludeMongolian,Daur,Dongxiang,EasternYugu,Tu,Baoan,etc.;theTurkiclanguagesincludeUyghur,Kazakh,Kirgiz,Uzbek,Tatar,Salar,WesternYugu,Tuwaandotherlanguages;itbelongstotheManchu-Tunguslanguagefamily.ThereareManchu,Xibe,Hezhe,Ewenki,Oroqenandotherlanguages. |
③AustronesianLanguages | SouthTheislandlanguagesarethelanguagesoftheGaoshanethnicgroup,aswellastheHuihuidialectoftheHuiethnicgroup. |
④AustralianLanguages | AustralianLanguagesItisoftheMon-KhmerlanguagefamilyincludingWa,Deang,Brown,Kemuandotherlanguages. |
⑤Indo-Europeanlanguages | PrintTheEuropeanlanguagesareRussian,whichisaSlaviclanguage,andTajik,whichisanIranianlanguage. |
⑥Otherlanguages | ChinesepeopleAfterthefoundingoftheRepublic,thegovernmentsuccessivelyformulatedscriptplansfortheZhuang,Buyi,Yi,Miao,Hani,Lisu,Naxi,Dong,Wa,andLiethnicgroups. Fromtheperspectiveofthewritingsystemandtheformofletters,Chinesecharactershavemeanings,syllables,alphabeticwritingsystemsandancientIndianletters(Sanskrit),Uighurletters,Arabicletters,squareletters,Latinalphabet,Cyrillicform,etc. Inaddition,theKoreanandJingdialectshavenotyetbeenconfirmedbytheChinesegovernment. |
Literature
People'sRepublicofChinaliteraturegenerallybelongstothecategoryofChinesecontemporaryliterature.Theconveningofthe"FirstLiteraryCongress"inJuly1949markedthebeginningofChinesenewliteratureanditsentryintothecontemporaryliteraturestage.ContemporaryChineseliteraturehasadifferentnaturefrommodernChineseliterature:itislimitedtosocialistpluralisticliteratureundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina.Thiskindofnaturemakescontemporaryliteraturesignificantlydifferentfromtheliteratureofanyprevioussocialformationsandtimesbyitsextremelycomplexfeaturesandcharacteristics.ChinesecontemporaryliteraturehasgenerallyexperiencedthreehistoricalstagesinthefirstseventeenyearsafterthefoundingofNewChina(1949-1966),thetenyearsofthe"CulturalRevolution"(1966-1976),andthenewera(after1976).Sincethebeginningofthe21stcentury,conceptssuchasChinesefreewritersandChinesefreeliteraturehaveemerged,whichhaveelevatedcontemporaryChineseliteraturetoanewandunprecedentedheight,makingcontemporaryChineseliteraturemorevagueandpersonallyemotional,andatrueliteraryperspective.Theageofself-returnisemerging.
AfterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,dozensofliteraryawardswereestablished,amongwhichthemoreauthoritativeonesaretheMaoDunLiteratureAward,theLuXunLiteratureAward,andtheselectionoftheannualChineseliteraryfigures.TheMuseumofModernChineseLiterature,builtinBeijingin2000,collecteddesks,chairsandwritinginstrumentsusedbythe18mostfamousChinesewriters,aswellasalargenumberofliteraryworks,handwritings,translations,lettersandothermaterials.
OnOctober11,2012,MoYanwonthe2012NobelPrizeinLiterature.ThisisthefirsttimethatChinahaswonthisaward.
Food
Sinceancienttimes,Chinahashadtheaphorismsthat"foodistheheavenforthepeople"and"thethreearmiesarenotmoved,foodandgrassgofirst".Afterthousandsofyearsofdevelopment,theChinesefoodculturehasbeenformedbyitself.Foodcultureisalong-standingregionalculturewithawidevision,deeplevel,multipleangles,andhightaste;itisthedevelopmentoffoodsources,thedevelopmentoffoodutensils,foodconditioning,nutritionandhealthcare,anddietaestheticsintheproductionandlifepracticesoftheChinesepeople.Create,accumulateandinfluencethematerialandspiritualwealthofneighboringcountriesandtheworld.
TraditionalChineseMedicine
TraditionalChineseMedicineisakindoftraditionalmedicinethatoriginatedinChinaandisbasedonthemedicalpracticeoftheancientChineseHanpeople.Ithasahistoryofthousandsofyears.AccordingtothenounsapprovedbytheNationalScientificandTechnologicalTermApprovalCommitteeofChina,traditionalChinesemedicineis“takingthetheoryandpracticalexperienceoftraditionalChinesemedicineasthemainbodytostudythelawsofhealthanddiseasetransformationinhumanlifeactivitiesandthecomprehensivenessofprevention,diagnosis,treatment,rehabilitationandhealthcare.science".
Traditionalfestivals
NewYear(NewYear'sDay) | January1st | 1day |
SpringFestival | Thefirstday,secondday,thirddayofthefirstmonthofthelunarcalendar | 3days |
ChingMing | ChingMingFestivalday | 1day td> |
LaborDay | May1day | 1day |
DragonBoatFestival | LunarNewYear’sDayontheDragonBoatFestival | 1day |
Mid-AutumnFestival | TheMid-AutumnFestivaloftheLunarCalendar | 1day |
NationalDay | October1,2,3 | 3days |
Women’sDay | March8 | Halfaday | Womenhaveahalf-dayholidayonthatday |
YouthDay | May4Day | Halfaday | Youngpeopleover14yearsoldandunder28yearsoldhaveaholidayonthatdayHalfaday |
Children’sDay | June1 | 1day | Dissatisfied14-year-oldchildrenwillhave1dayoffonthesameday |
TheanniversaryofthefoundingoftheChinesePeople’sLiberationArmy(ArmyDay) | August1st | Halfaday | Ahalf-dayholidayforactiveservicemenonthesameday |
"NationalHolidaysandAnniversaryHolidays"Forfestivalscustomarytoethnicminorities,thelocalpeople’sgovernmentinareaswhereethnicminoritiesliveinconcentratedcommunitiesshalldeterminetheholidaydatesinaccordancewiththecustomsofeachethnicgroup.
China’smajortraditionalfestivalsincludetheSpringFestival,theLanternFestival,theChingMingFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,andtheMid-AutumnFestival.Inaddition,allethnicminoritiesalsoretaintheirowntraditionalfestivals,suchastheDai’sSongkranFestival,theMongolianNadamConference,theYi’sTorchFestival,theYao’sDanuFestival,theBai’sMarchStreet,theZhuang’sSongFair,andtheTibetan’sTibetancalendaryearandWangguoFestival,Miao'sFlowerJumpingFestivalandsoon.
Military
SincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,thefour-generationcentralleadershipcollectiveofthepartywithComradesMaoZedong,DengXiaoping,JiangZemin,andHuJintaoasthecore,andthepartyCentralCommitteewithComradeXiJinpingasthecore,Accuratelygrasptheinternationalanddomesticoverallsituationanddevelopmenttrends,scientificallyestablishnationaldefensestrategies,makeaseriesofimportantdecisionsanddeploymentsinatimelymanner,andcontinuetogivethemilitarynewfunctionsandmissions,whichpromotesChina'snationaldefenseandmilitaryconstruction.
Chinapursuesadefensivenationaldefensepolicy.Chinaputssafeguardingnationalsovereignty,security,andterritorialintegrity,safeguardingtheinterestsofnationaldevelopmentandprotectingtheinterestsofthepeopleaboveallelse,andstrivestobuildaconsolidatednationaldefenseandastrongarmythatarecompatiblewithnationalsecurityanddevelopmentinterests,andisintheprocessofbuildingawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway.Chinarealizestheunificationofarichcountryandastrongarmy.
ThegoalsandtasksofChina’snationaldefenseinthenewera:safeguardingnationalsovereignty,security,anddevelopmentinterests;maintainingsocialharmonyandstability;advancingthemodernizationofnationaldefenseandthemilitary;maintainingworldpeaceandstability.
Accordingtothenationalsecurityneedsandthelevelofeconomicandsocialdevelopment,Chinaimplementsthe"three-step"developmentstrategyofnationaldefenseandmilitarymodernization,andadvancesnationaldefenseandmilitarymodernizationinaplannedandstep-by-stepmanner.Thisstrategicvisionmainlyincludes:advancingtheinformatizationofnationaldefenseandthearmy,coordinatingeconomicandnationaldefenseconstruction,deepeningthereformofnationaldefenseandthearmy,andtakingtheroadofleapfrogdevelopment.
ThediversifieduseofChina’sarmedforcesinpeacetime:safeguardingborderdefense,coastaldefense,andairdefensesecurity,maintainingsocialstability,participatinginnationalconstructionanddisasterrelief,participatinginUNpeacekeepingoperations,escortingtheGulfofAdenandthewatersofSomalia,ChinaandforeigncountriesJointexercisesandjointtrainingandinternationaldisasterrelief.
Chinesemilitary | ||
CentralMilitaryCommissionoftheCommunistPartyofChina | ||
Chairman | ViceChair | Members |
XiJinping | XuQiliang,ZhangYouxia | WeiFenghe,LiZuocheng,MiaoHua,ZhangShengmin |
CentralMilitaryCommissionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina | ||
Chairman | ViceChairman | Members | p>
XiJinping | XuQiliang,ZhangYouxia | WeiFenghe,LiZuocheng,MiaoHua,ZhangShengmin |
ZhonghuaMinistryofNationalDefenseofthePeople’sRepublicofChina | ||
Minister:WeiFenghe | ||
FunctionalDepartmentsoftheChinesePeople’sLiberationArmy | ||
TheGeneralOfficeoftheMilitaryCommission,theJointStaffDepartmentoftheMilitaryCommission,thePoliticalWorkDepartmentoftheMilitaryCommission,MilitaryCommissionLogisticsSupportDepartment,MilitaryCommissionEquipmentDevelopmentDepartment,MilitaryCommissionTrainingManagementDepartment,MilitaryCommissionNationalDefenseMobilizationDepartment,MilitaryCommissionDisciplinaryInspectionCommittee,MilitaryCommissionPoliticalandLegalCommittee,MilitaryCommissionScienceandTechnologyCommittee,MilitaryCommissionStrategicPlanningOffice,MilitaryCommissionReformandEstablishmentOffice,MilitaryCommissionInternationalMilitaryCooperationOffice,MilitaryCommissionAuditOffice,MilitaryCommissionAgencyAffairsAdministrationBureau | ||
ChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyFiveGreatWarZones | ||
EasternTheater,SouthernTheater,WesternTheater,NorthernTheater,CentralTheater | ||
ArmedForces | ||
Activeforces(ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmy,ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyNavy,ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyAirForce,ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyRocketForce,ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyStrategicSupportForce,ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyJointLogisticsSupportForce)ArmedPoliceForce,ReserveForce,Militia |
Transportation
AfterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,thetotallengthoftransportationlineshasincreasedgreatly,anditalreadyhasatransportationnetworkcomparabletothatofdevelopedcountries.Thetrafficarteriescontinuetoextendtotheinlandandborderareas,thetransportationnetworkcontinuestoexpand,andthetransportationcapacityisgraduallyimproved.
Bytheendof2019,China’srailwayoperatingmileagewillreachmorethan139,000kilometers,ofwhich35,000kilometersofhigh-speedrailwayswillrankfirstintheworld.
Society
Education
ChineseeducationisaneducationalundertakingunderthesupervisionoftheMinistryofEducationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Thenine-yearcompulsoryeducationhasbeenimplementedsince1986.Theeducationstageisdividedintokindergarten,elementaryschool,juniorhighschool,highschool,anduniversity.TherearealargenumberofuniversitiesinChina,andthenumberofuniversitystudentsisthelargestintheworld.Someuniversitiesofferpostgraduateeducationanddoctoralprograms.
In2020,1.107milliongraduatestudentsenrolledinpostgraduateeducation,3.140milliongraduatestudents,and729,000graduates.Thegeneralundergraduateandjuniorcollegesenrolled9.675millionstudents,including32.853millionstudentsand7.972milliongraduates.Secondaryvocationaleducationenrolled6.447millionnewstudents,16.634millionstudentsand4.849milliongraduates.Regularhighschoolsenrolled8.764millionstudents,24.945millionstudentsand7.865milliongraduates.Juniorhighschoolsenrolled16.321millionstudents,including49.141millionstudentsand15.353milliongraduates.Regularelementaryschoolsenrolled18.081millionstudents,including10.7254millionstudentsand16.403milliongraduates.Specialeducationenrolled149,000students,enrolled881,000students,andgraduated121,000.Thereare48.183millionchildreninkindergartensinpre-schooleducation.Theconsolidationrateofnine-yearcompulsoryeducationwas95.2%,andthegrossenrollmentrateofhighschoolwas91.2%.
Media
Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomicprogress,theChinesecentralgovernmenthasrelaxeditscontroloverthemediayearbyyear.TheChinesemediahasshownacertaindegreeofvitalityanddiversity.Alsodiscusssocialissuesandpublicpolicieswithacertaindegreeofopenness.
PressandPublishing
Sincethereformandopeningup,theChinesegovernmenthasattachedgreatimportancetopressandpublishing,andhasmadeaseriesofmajordeploymentsanddecisions,enablingChina’spressandpublishingindustrytoenterarapid,healthyandsustainabledevelopment.Newstage.China'sbook,newspaper,electronicpublishingandprintingindustrieshaveallenteredtheforefrontoftheworldandhavebecomeaveritablepublishingcountry.
Healthservice
Sincethereformandopeningup,China’shealthservicehasmaderemarkableachievements.Amedicalandhealthservicesystemcoveringurbanandruralareashasbasicallybeenformed,diseasepreventionandcontrolcapabilitieshavebeencontinuouslyenhanced,andmedicalsecuritycoveragehasgraduallyexpanded,Thelevelofhealthscienceandtechnologyhasbeenrapidlyimproved,thehealthofthepeoplehasimprovedsignificantly,andthemainhealthindicatorsofresidentsareintheforefrontofdevelopingcountries.
Accordingtothedataofthefifthcensusin2005,theaveragelifeexpectancyinChinais73.0years.Asoftheendof2011,thematernalmortalityratewas26.1per100,000;theinfantmortalityratewas12.1‰.
Attheendof2020,therewere1.023millionmedicalandhealthinstitutionsnationwide,including35,000hospitals,12,000publichospitals,24,000privatehospitals,and971,000primarymedicalandhealthinstitutions,ofwhichThereare36,000townshiphealthcenters,35,000communityhealthservicecenters(stations),290,000outpatientdepartments(stations),and610,000villageclinics;14,000professionalpublichealthinstitutions,including3384centersfordiseasepreventionandcontrol.Thereare2,736healthinspectioncenters(centers).Attheendoftheyear,therewere10.66millionhealthtechnicians,ofwhom4.08millionwerepracticingphysiciansandassistantpracticingphysicians,and4.71millionwereregisterednurses.Thereare9.11millionbedsinmedicalandhealthinstitutions,including7.13millioninhospitalsand1.39millionintownshiphealthcenters.Inthewholeyear,thetotalnumberofconsultationsandtreatmentswas7.82billion,andthenumberofdischargedpatientswas230million.
Employment
Chinaimplementsthestrategyofgivingprioritytoemployment,insistsondrivingemploymentthrougheconomicdevelopment,formulatedandimplementedaseriesofmacroeconomicpoliciestopromoteemployment,continuouslystrengthenedandimprovedmacroeconomiccontrol,andmaintainedeconomiccontinuityTherapidandhealthydevelopmenthaslaidasolidfoundationforexpandingthescaleofemployment.Since2008,Chinahasmaintainedanaverageofmorethan11millionnewurbanjobseveryyear,andmorethan8millionagriculturallaborershavebeentransferred.Thenumberofurbanandruralemployeesincreasedfrom755.64millionattheendof2008to764.2millionattheendof2011.
BusinessEnvironment
OnOctober24,2019,theWorldBankreleasedthe"GlobalBusinessEnvironmentReport2020."China'sbusinessenvironmentrankingjumpedto31stintheworld,up15placesfrom2018.ChinahasbeenratedbytheWorldBankasoneofthe10economieswiththelargestimprovementintheglobalbusinessenvironmentfortwoconsecutiveyears.
Diplomacy
Chinaisathirdworldcountry,anditpursuesanindependentforeignpolicyofpeace.Startingfromthelong-termandfundamentalinterestsofitspeopleandthepeopleoftheworld,Chinawillopposehegemonismandsafeguardtheworld.Peace,thedevelopmentoffriendlycooperationbetweencountriesandthepromotionofcommoneconomicprosperityarethefundamentalgoalsofourforeignwork.Whendealingwithstate-to-staterelations,Chinahasalwaysadvocatednon-interferenceineachother’sinternalaffairs,guidedbytheFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence,andnotthestandardsofsimilaritiesanddifferencesinsocialsystems,ideologies,andvalues.ItisapermanentmemberoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.Manymemberstatesofinternationalorganizations.
Region | Country(dateofestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsandremarks)(Countriesinthesamecontinentarelistedinalphabeticalorderoftheirtranslatednames) | ||
Asia | Afghanistan(1955.1.20) | UnitedArabEmirates(1984.11.1) | Oman(1978.5.25) |
Azerbaijan(1992.4.6) | Pakistan(1951.5.21) | Palestine(1988.11.20) | |
Bahrain(1989.4.18) | NorthKorea(1949.10.6) | EastTimor(2002.5.20) | |
Philippines(1975.6.9) | Georgia(1992.6.9) | Kazakhstan(1992.1.3) | |
Korea(1992.8.24) | Kyrgyzstan(1992.1.5) p> | Cambodia(1958.7.19) | |
Qatar(1988.7.9) | Kuwait(1971.3.22) | Laos(1961.4.25) | |
Lebanon(1971.11.9) | Maldives(1972.10.14) | Malaysia(1974.5.31) | |
Mongolia(1949.10.16) | Bangladesh(1975.10.4) | Myanmar(1950.6.8) p> | |
Nepal(1955.8.1) | Japan(1972.9.29) | SaudiArabia(1990.7.21) | |
SriLanka(1957.2.7) | Tajikistan(1992.1.4) | Thailand(1975.7.1) | |
Turkey(1971.8.4) | Turkmenistan(1992.1.6) | Brunei(1991.9.30) p> | |
Armenia(1992.4.6) | UzbekistanStan(1992.1.2) | Singapore(1990.10.3) | |
Syria(1956.8.1) | Yemen(1956.9.24) | Iraq(1958.8.25) | |
Iran(1971.8.16) | IsseColumn(1992.1.24) | India(1950.4.1) | |
Indonesia(1950.4.13) | Jordan(1977.4.7) | Vietnam(1950.1.18) | |
Africa | Algeria(1958.12.20) | Egypt(1956.5.30) | Ethiopia(1970.11.24) |
Angola(1983.1.12) | Benin(1964.11.12) | Botswana(1975.1.6) | |
BurkinaFaso(establisheddiplomaticrelationsonSeptember15th,1973,suspendeddiplomaticrelationsonFebruary4th,1994,resumeddiplomacyonMay26th,2018) | Burundi(1963.12.21) | EquatorialGuinea(1970.10.15) | |
Togo(1972.9.19) | Eritrea(1993.5.24) | CapeVerde(1976.4.25) | |
Gambia(establisheddiplomaticrelationsonDecember14,1974,suspendeddiplomaticrelationsonJuly25,1995,resumeddiplomaticrelationsonMarch17,2016) | Congo(Brazzaville)(1964.2.22) | Congo(DRC)(1961.2.20) | |
吉布提（1979.1.8） | 几内亚（1959.10.4） | 几内亚比绍（1974.3.15） | |
加纳（1960.7.5） | 加蓬（1974.4.20） | 津巴布韦（1980.4.18） | |
喀麦隆（1971.3.26） | 科摩罗（1975.11.13） | 科特迪瓦（1983.3.2） | |
肯尼亚（1963.12.14） | 莱索托（1983.4.30） | 利比里亚（1977.2.17） | |
利比亚（1978.8.9） | 卢旺达（1971.11.12） | 马达加斯加（1972.11.6） | |
马拉维（2007.12.28） | 马里（1960.10.25） | 毛里求斯（1972.4.15） | |
毛里塔尼亚（1965.7.19） | 摩洛哥（1958.11.1） | 莫桑比克（1975.6.25） | |
纳米比亚（1990.3.22） | 南非（1998.1.1） | 南苏丹（2011.7.9） | |
尼日尔（1974.7.20） | 尼日利亚（1971.2.10） | 塞拉利昂（1971.7.29） | |
塞内加尔（1971.12.7） | 塞舌尔（1976.6.30） | 圣多美和普林西比（1975.7.12建交，1997.7.11中止建交，2016.12.26恢复外交关系） | |
苏丹（1959.2.4） | 索马里（1960.12.14） | 坦桑尼亚（1964.4.26） | |
突尼斯（1964.1.10） | 乌干达（1962.10.18） | 赞比亚（1964.10.29） | |
乍得（1972.11.28） | 中非（1964.9.29） | ||
欧洲 | 阿尔巴尼亚（1949.11.23） | 爱尔兰（1979.6.22） | 爱沙尼亚（1991.9.11） |
安道尔（1994.6.29） | 奥地利（1971.5.28） | 白俄罗斯（1992.1.20） | |
保加利亚（1949.10.4） | 比利时（1971.10.25） | 冰岛（1971.12.8） | |
波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那（1995.4.3） | 波兰（1949.10.7） | 丹麦（1950.5.11） | |
德国（1972.10.11） | 俄罗斯（1949.10.2） | 法国（1964.1.27） | |
芬兰（1950.10.28） | 荷兰（1972.5.18） | 黑山（2006.7.6） | |
捷克（1949.10.6） | 克罗地亚（1992.5.13） | 拉脱维亚（1991.9.12） | |
立陶宛（1991.9.14） | 列支敦士登（1950.9.14） | 卢森堡（1972.11.16） | |
罗马尼亚（1949.10.5） | 马耳他（1972.1.31） | 马其顿（1993.10.12） | |
摩尔多瓦（1992.1.30） | 摩纳哥（1995.1.16） | 挪威（1954.10.5） | |
葡萄牙（1979.2.8） | 瑞典（1950.5.9） | 瑞士（1950.9.14） | |
塞尔维亚（1955.1.2） | 塞浦路斯（1971.12.14） | 圣马力诺（1971.5.6） | |
斯洛伐克（1949.10.6） | 斯洛文尼亚（1992.5.12） | 乌克兰（1992.1.4） | |
西班牙（1973.3.9） | 希腊（1972.6.5） | 匈牙利（1949.10.6） | |
意大利（1970.11.6） | 英国（1972.3.13） | 欧盟（1975.5.-） | |
北美洲 | 安提瓜和巴布达（1983.1.1） | 巴巴多斯（1977.5.30） | 巴哈马（1997.5.23） |
伯利兹（1987.2.6建交，1989.10.23中止建交） | 多米尼克（2004.3.23） | 哥斯达黎加（2007.6.1） | |
格林纳达（1985.10.1） | 古巴（1960.9.28） | 加拿大（1970.10.13） | |
美国（1979.1.1） | 尼加拉瓜（1985.12.7建交，1990.11.9中止建交） | 墨西哥（1972.2.14） | |
圣卢西亚（1997.9.1建交，2007.5.5中止建交） | 特立尼达和多巴哥（1974.6.20） | 牙买加（1972.11.21） | |
巴拿马（2017.6.12） | 多米尼加（2018.5.1） | 萨尔瓦多（2018.8.21） | |
南美洲 | 阿根廷（1972.2.19） | 巴西（1974.8.15） | 秘鲁（1971.11.2） |
玻利维亚（1985.7.9） | 哥伦比亚（1980.2.7） | 厄瓜多尔（1980.1.2） | |
圭亚那（1972.6.27） | 苏里南（1976.5.28） | 委内瑞拉（1974.6.28） | |
乌拉圭（1988.2.3） | 智利（1970.12.15） | ||
大洋洲 | 澳大利亚（1972.12.21） | 巴布亚新几内亚（1976.10.12） | 斐济（1975.11.5） |
库克群岛（1997.7.25） | 密克罗尼西亚（1989.9.11） | 纽埃（2007.12.12） | |
萨摩亚（1975.11.6） | 汤加（1998.11.2） | 瓦努阿图（1982.3.26） | |
新西兰（1972.12.22） | 所罗门群岛（2019.9.21） | 基里巴斯（1980.6.25-2003.11.29，2019.09.27恢复） | |
表格内容来源： |
旅游
中国有着丰富的旅游资源。中华人民共和国于1985年12月12日加入《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》，成为缔约方。1999年10月29日，中国当选为世界遗产委员会成员。1986年中国开始向联合国教科文组织申报世界遗产项目。截至2018年6月，中国已拥有52项“世界遗产”，名列世界第二。其中，“自然遗产”12项，“自然与文化双遗产”4项，数量均居世界第一。
长城 | C | 1987年 | 横跨17个省市自治区，包括辽宁、吉林、河北、北京、天津、山西、内蒙古、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、新疆、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、四川、青海。 | |
明清皇宫 | C | 1987年 （北京故宫） | 2004年 （沈阳故宫） | 北京东城区、辽宁沈阳 |
莫高窟 | C | 1987年 | 甘肃敦煌 | |
秦始皇陵 | C | 1987年 | 陕西西安 | |
周口店北京人遗址 | C | 1987年 | 北京房山区 | |
泰山 | NC | 1987年 | 山东泰安 | |
黄山 | NC | 1990年 | 安徽黄山市 | |
九寨沟风景名胜区 | N | 1992年 | 四川九寨沟县 | |
黄龙风景名胜区 | N | 1992年 | 四川松潘 | |
武陵源风景名胜区 | N | 1992年 | 湖南张家界 | |
承德避暑山庄和外八庙 | C | 1994年 | 河北承德 | |
曲阜孔庙、孔林、孔府 | C | 1994年 | 山东曲阜 | |
武当山古建筑群 | C | 1994年 | 湖北丹江口 | |
拉萨布达拉宫历史建筑群 | C | 1994年 （布达拉宫） | 2000年（大昭寺） 2001年（罗布林卡） | 西藏拉萨 |
庐山国家级风景名胜区 | C | 1996年 | 江西九江 | |
峨眉山风景名胜区，含乐山大佛风景区 | NC | 1996年 | 四川乐山，包括峨眉山市 | |
丽江古城 | C | 1997年 | 云南丽江 | |
平遥古城 | C | 1997年 | 山西平遥 | |
苏州古典园林 | C | 1997年 | 2000年 | 江苏苏州 |
颐和园 | C | 1998年 | 北京海淀区 | |
天坛 | C | 1998年 | 北京东城区 | |
大足石刻 | C | 1999年 | 重庆大足 | |
武夷山 | NC | 1999年 | 福建武夷山市 | |
青城山与都江堰 | C | 2000年 | 四川都江堰市 | |
皖南古村落—西递、宏村 | C | 2000年 | 安徽黟县 | |
龙门石窟 | C | 2000年 | 河南洛阳 | |
明清皇家陵寝 | C | 2000年 （明显陵、清东陵、清西陵） | 2003年（明孝陵、明十三陵） 2004年（盛京三陵） | 湖北钟祥 河北遵化 河北易县 江苏南京 北京昌平区 辽宁沈阳、新宾 |
云冈石窟 | C | 2001年 | 山西大同 | |
云南三江并流保护区 | N | 2003年 | 云南丽江、迪庆藏族自治州和怒江傈僳族自治州 | |
高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬 | C | 2004年 | 吉林集安和辽宁桓仁 | |
澳门历史城区 | C | 2005年 | 澳门 | |
四川大熊猫栖息地 | N | 2006年 | 四川成都、阿坝、雅安、甘孜 | |
殷墟 | C | 2006年 | 河南安阳 | |
中国南方喀斯特 | N | 2007年 | 云南石林、贵州荔波、重庆武隆 | |
开平碉楼与村落 | C | 2007年 | 广东开平 | |
福建土楼 | C | 2008年 | 福建龙岩、漳州 | |
三清山国家级风景名胜区 | N | 2008年 | 江西上饶 | |
五台山 | C | 2009年 | 山西五台 | |
登封“天地之中”历史建筑群 | C | 2010年 | 河南登封 | |
中国丹霞 | N | 2010年 | 福建泰宁、湖南新宁、广东仁化、江西贵溪、浙江江山、贵州赤水和习水 | |
杭州西湖文化景观 | C | 2011年 | 浙江杭州 | |
元上都遗址 | C | 2012年 | 内蒙古正蓝旗 | |
澄江化石地 | N | 2012年 | 云南澄江 | |
新疆天山 | N | 2013年 | 新疆阿克苏、伊犁、巴音郭楞、昌吉 | |
红河哈尼梯田文化景观 | C | 2013年 | 云南红河 | |
大运河 | C | 2014年 | 北京市、天津市、河北省、山东省、河南省、安徽省、江苏省、浙江省 | |
丝绸之路：长安-天山廊道的路网 | C | 2014年 | 中国（陕西省、河南省、甘肃省、新疆维吾尔自治区） 哈萨克斯坦（阿拉木图州、江布尔州） 吉尔吉斯斯坦（楚河州） | |
土司遗址 | C | 2015年 | 湖南、湖北、贵州 | |
左江花山岩画文化景观 | C | 2016年 | 广西 | |
湖北神农架 | N | 2016年 | 湖北 | |
鼓浪屿：历史国际社区 | C | 2017年 | 福建 | |
青海可可西里 | N | 2017年 | 青海 |
艺术
书法绘画
中国汉字是从图画、符号逐渐演变形成的，汉字的书写和发展过程导致了书法艺术的产生。中国历代都有大书法家，其书法艺术和风格成为所在朝代书法的典型代表。人们对书法的喜爱一直流传。
当代中国的书法与绘画相当活跃。中国美术馆等艺术馆长年不断举办个人画展或联展；中国画每年都走出国门，到日本、韩国、美国、加拿大和欧洲等地展览。除中国画外，油画、版画、水彩画等西洋绘画在中国也得到发展。
与艺术品拍卖行业的发展同步，画廊业也逐渐与国际惯例接轨。每年分别在北京、上海和广州各举办一次的艺术博览会，成为艺术品交易的另一种途径，其中上海艺术博览会为亚洲参展艺术品门类最齐全的艺术博览会。
工艺美术
中国工艺美术门类繁多，技艺精湛，有许多作品堪称绝活。工艺美术可分为特种工艺和民间工艺两大类。
利用剪、扎、编、织、绣、雕、塑、绘等技艺制作的各种民间工艺品，千姿百态，具有浓郁的乡土气息和民族风格。
音乐
中国在世界当代音乐文化中保持着它的独特体系、独特思维和独特风格，因而对世界音乐是具有独特贡献的一个组成部分。中华人民共和国成立后，中国音乐的历史进入到一个前所未有的崭新阶段，并揭开了新的、更加灿烂篇章。在声乐、器乐、大型音乐体裁，以及歌剧、舞剧、电影音乐等方面，都取得了很大发展和成就。中国当代音乐有一些作品可以列入世界音乐的经典宝库。
20世纪30年代出现流行音乐，1949年转到港台地区发展。1977年起港台流行音乐开始进入内地。21世纪呈现一种融合、渗透、互相影响的状态。
戏剧
中国的传统戏剧有一个独特的称谓——戏曲，它与希腊悲喜剧和印度梵剧，并称为世界三大古老的戏剧文化。中国戏曲有300多个剧种，运用歌舞形式表达剧情是中国戏曲的主要手段。京剧是流传最广、影响最大的剧种，起源于昆曲（昆曲是一种更古老的戏剧艺术）。此种集唱念做打于一身的舞台艺术于十九世纪初在北京形成，经过200多年的实践，积累了1000个以上深具艺术价值的剧目，形成了一套音乐板式和表演程式。
地方戏曲在继承传统的基础上，不断地进行改革和创新。较为活跃的地方戏曲有越剧、黄梅戏、川剧、豫剧、粤剧等。西藏的藏戏具有浓郁的宗教色彩和藏民族特色，其表演粗犷豪放，别具特色。
话剧于20世纪初从国外传入，自1920年代开始，话剧舞台上开始出现现实主义和表现主义题材；到三十年代，中国话剧已经走向成熟。戏剧大师曹禺这一时期的三部曲——《雷雨》、《日出》和《原野》以其深邃的内涵、圆熟的技巧，被认为是中国话剧的经典之作。成立于1952年的北京人民艺术剧院，其作品代表着中国话剧的最高水平，其中《茶馆》、《龙须沟》等剧目享有盛誉。
歌舞
由中央戏剧学院舞蹈团人员建立的一套复古的中国舞蹈体系－中国古典舞，是从中戏曲中取材，采用世界芭蕾的训练舞种，发展创建并起来的一个有独特的韵律、形体语言及审美特征的中国风舞蹈。
进入1990年代后诞生了诸如《太极印象》、《神话中国》、《秋水伊人》、《红扇》、《传音》、《不眠夜》、《潮汐》、《两个身体》等新颖的作品。同时中国舞蹈乐团开始向国际进军开始了国际化，获得众多国际奖项。进入21世纪大型舞蹈剧开始兴起，例如有《妈勒访天边》、《大梦敦煌》、《霸王别姬》、《瓷魂》、《一把酸枣》这样偏向中国古典舞风格的民族舞剧，或有《大红灯笼高高挂》这样具有民族特色的芭蕾舞剧，也有《雷和雨》这样个性表达的现代舞剧渐渐获得观众喜爱。
影视
现实题材成为中国电影发展的主流。在从20世纪80年代中期兴起的新一轮电影创作高潮中，《城南旧事》、《野山》、《芙蓉镇》、《开国大典》、《大决战》等成为该时期的代表作，这些作品在反映生活的深度、广度方面，在实现题材、风格、样式的多样化方面，在电影语言的探索和创新方面都有高水准的造诣。此期间，被称为“第五代”导演的张艺谋、陈凯歌、黄建新等人的崛起令国际影坛瞩目。
20世纪90年代后期，一批六七十年代出生的电影人成为中国电影界的第六代导演，其代表者有贾樟柯、王小帅、张元等人。他们的电影作品趋于平民化，大多以纪实手法表现。导演冯小刚成为中国商业影片票房纪录最高的代表。
中国较具影响力的国际电影节有长春国际电影节和上海国际电影节。“金鸡奖”为中国优秀电影的最高奖项。国家为鼓励主流电影的发展专设了“华表奖”，还有由观众评选的“百花奖”。
宗教
中国是个多宗教的国家。中国宗教徒信奉的主要有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教，中国公民可以自由地选择、表达自己的信仰和表明宗教身份。
在中国，全国性的宗教团体有中国佛教协会、中国道教协会、中国伊斯兰教协会、中国天主教爱国会、中国天主教主教团、中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会、中国基督教协会等。
尊重和保护宗教信仰自由，是中国政府对待宗教问题的一项长期的基本政策。宗教信仰自由作为公民的一项权利，得到了宪法和法律的保障。
科技
中华人民共和国成立以来，特别是20世纪70年代末改革开放以后，中华人民共和国的科学技术水平得到了很大提高，在计算机、航空航天、生物工程、新能源、新材料、激光技术等领域都取得了重大科技成果。
体育
中华人民共和国成立以来，中国体育事业全面发展，全民健身蓬勃发展，竞技体育取得了历史性突破。各类体育场馆已超过100万个，社会体育指导员超过65万人。“十一五”期间中国运动员共获世界冠军634个，创、超世界纪录88次。举世瞩目的北京奥运会、残奥会圆满成功，实现了中国人民的百年期盼，成为奥运史上无与伦比的精彩盛会，极大地激发了中国人的爱国热情和民族自豪感。中国体育代表团获得金牌51枚、银牌21枚和铜牌28枚，金牌榜名列第一。8月8日被定为“全民健身日”，成为新中国第一个全国性体育节日。
从2007年到2018年，中华人民共和国是国际体育举办的赛事次数最多的国家；中国是世界斯诺克职业赛事的重要举办地，还承办F1中国大奖赛、中国网球公开赛等重要国际赛事。
1994年中国开始足球联赛开始职业化，中国足球甲级A组联赛，曾是中国足球的顶级联赛，为中国足球超级联赛的前身。2004年，中国足球协会正式推出“中国足球协会超级联赛”（简称“中超联赛”）。
中国主要体育职业联赛 | ||||
体育项目 | 一级联赛 | 二级联赛 | 三级联赛 | 备注 |
足球 | 中国足球超级联赛 | 中国足球甲级联赛 | 中国足球乙级联赛 | |
篮球 | CBA | NBL | ||
排球 | 中国排球超级联赛 | |||
乒乓球 | 中国乒乓球俱乐部超级联赛 | |||
羽毛球 | 中国羽毛球俱乐部超级联赛 | |||
冰球 | 大陆冰球联赛 |
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